Filipino Psychology - 3078 Words

Filipino psychology, or Sikolohiyang Pilipino, in Filipino, is defined as the psychology rooted on the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the Filipinos. It is regulated by the Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino, (National Organization of Filipino Psychology), in English, which was established in 1975 by Virgilio Enriquez, regarded by many as the Father of Filipino Psychology. Four traditions Zeus Salazar (1985), a historian, identified four traditions upon which Philippine psychology is rooted: Academic Scientific Psychology or Akademiko-siyentipikal na Sikolohiya: Western Tradition: This follows the tradition of Wilhelm Wundt in 1876 and is essentially the American-oriented Western psychology being studied in†¦show more content†¦Katarungan: Loosely translated to justice, this actually refers to equity in giving rewards to a person. Kalayaan: Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may clash with the less important value of pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity). Approaches and methods Approaches, or lapit, and methods, or pamamaraan, in Filipino Psychology are different from that of Western Psychology. In Filipino Psychology, the subjects, or participants, called kalahok, are considered as equal in status to the researcher. The participants are included in the research as a group, and not as individuals - hence, an umpukan, or natural cluster, is required to serve as the participants, per se. The researcher is introduced to a natural cluster by a tulay (bridge), who is a part of the umpukan and is a well-respected man in the community. Some of the many approaches and methods used in Filipino Psychology are: Pakikipagkuwentuhan: In this method, the researcher engages in a story-telling with an umpukan. The researcher merely serves as the facilitator, while the kalahok or participants are the one who are to talk. The term kwento, from the Spanish word cuento, literally means to tell a story. Panunuluyan: In this method, the researcher stays in the home of his kalahok or participant while he conducts the research with consent by the host family, whose head serves as the tulay to an umpukan. The term tuloy, which is the root word of the term panunuluyan, literally means to goShow MoreRelatedFilipino Psychology: on Spirituality, Homosexuality, Psychopathology2302 Words   |  10 PagesOn Filipino Psychopathology Psychopathology is said to be the deviation of an individual’s behavior as compared to the norms of the society. It is classified into two—neurosis and psychosis. In a third world country like ours, it is a fact that poor people outnumber the rich ones, that’s why most Filipinos are prone to having problems, especially economic/financial ones. For some, these problems lead to emotional and psychological disturbances. But the question lies on which extent does these disturbancesRead MoreChapter2: Review of Related Literature and Studies1861 Words   |  8 PagesThis chapter presents the literature and related studies which have direct bearing on this study. It also discusses the values reflected in the proverbs and the proverb as a reflection of Filipino character, its function in the society, its nature and purpose, its stylistic peculiarity and its significance in Filipino culture. Folklore Prof. Damiana Eugenio (2002), a renowned Filipina folklorist, said that there is no universally accepted definition for the word â€Å"folklore†. But she gave a descriptionRead MoreImplications of Taking Care of a Filipino Patient673 Words   |  3 PagesNursing Batch 2016 Implications of Taking Care of a Filipino Patient Communication and language play a vital role in establishing good connection between patients and their respective health care providers such as nurses. Mejico (2004) concluded that, â€Å"it is in their own mother tongue that a person can truly express his innermost sentiments, ideas, perceptions, and attitudes.† Relating it to class discussions, most Filipino students find it easier to learn and understand if the teacherRead MoreFilipino Social Acceptance1784 Words   |  8 PagesKNOWLEDGE REGARDING FILIPINO VALUES AND ITS STUDIES: Felipe Landa Jocano is a Professor Emeritus at the Asian Center of the University of the Philippines and Executive Director of PUNLAD Research House, Inc. He has authored numerous books on various aspects of Filipino Society and Culture. Frank Lynch is an anthropologist who came to the Philippines and study Filipino values and the acceptance of this in the society , founder of Frank Lynch university. Robert Hennig- B.S. Psychology, 1974, UniversityRead MoreIntergenerational Cultural Dissonance2449 Words   |  10 PagesIt’s normal to want to challenge authority when growing up, because it helps young people to make their own decisions and become individuals. Teenagers rely on few close friends and the last people expected to be confidants are their parents. As a Filipino-American and a child of immigrant parents, the consequences of my rebellion are much more serious than for a child of American-born parents. My parents raised me as if I was growing up in the Philippines. The values and practices they had were completelyRead MoreFliptop Battle: the Modern Balagtasan4068 Words   |  17 Pageswords especially on Filipino people as shown on television, internet, radio, or even newspaper. Multimedia serves as a pathway for manifesting new ideas on preserving languages like the newly formed Filipino rhythmical poetry debate known as â€Å"Fliptop Battle† popularized through â€Å"Youtube†, a very popular video sharing Web site that lets anyone upload short videos for private or public viewing.4 Fliptop Battle is a rap battle league in the Philippines partake by young Filipino rappers or popularlyRead MoreThe Socio-Economic Factors Affecting the Decision of Ofw Family Members of Upv Students to Work Abroad6203 Words   |  25 PagesDecision of OFW Family Members of UPV-CAS Students to Work Abroad A Research Paper Submitted by: Anna ViktoriaBanay Camille May Savillo Submitted to: Prof. Karen Varona October 4, 2012 Abstract One reason for the increasing number of overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) is the search for better job opportunities abroad. However, this is not the only cause for the increase in the flow of human labor outside the country. Sociological factors also play a part in influencing the decision to migrate abroadRead MoreHistory of Philippine Trnslation in the Philippines6599 Words   |  27 Pagesretold in Spanish two legends in Panay 2. Fray Ignacio Francisco Alzina - summarized in Spanish two narrative poems in Boholano 1940 - There were six million people with Spanish speaking skills in the Philippines 1950 Census - stated that Filipinos who spoke Spanish as a first or second language made up only 6% of the population 1973 - Spanish ceased to be an official language 1987 – Spanish is a college requirement during Aquino’s administration 1990 - The census reported that the number hadRead MoreResearch Methodology On The Data Gathering Procedure1129 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent classrooms particularly from University of the East Manila Senior High School students as long as it fits the scope and delimitations. SELECTION OF THE STUDY The selection of one (1) to five (5) Senior High School students with Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW) parents ranged from sixteen (16) to eighteen (18). Study ages from 16 to 18 measures the resistance to squint influence that reduces social, desire, responding, and disengage assessments of the juveniles’ participation in antisocialRead MoreWhat I Believe Cultural Competence1344 Words   |  6 Pagesto acknowledge other cultural differences, which intern leaves us to project and compare our perception of ourselves to others. Furthermore, this is why I believe cultural competence in psychology has the knowledge and skills to make a decision in someone else’s cultural context. Cultural competence in psychology has the knowledge and expertise to make a decision in someone else’s cultural context. I’m a future provider of appropriate psychological services, which is why I found these readings entirely

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Course Syllabus College of Criminal Justice and Security CJA/394 Contemporary Issues and Futures in Criminal Justice Copyright  © 2010 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course examines both the principle issues in contemporary criminal justice as well as the extrapolation of such issues toward possible futures within the criminal justice field. We will write a custom essay sample on Just Another Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Students will focus upon relevant research in policing, courts, and corrections that reflect key elements of current conditions and what may be expected in the years to come. Students will apply critical review and engage in in-depth discussion of these concepts as a basis for comprehensive understanding at local, state, national, and global levels of criminal justice administration. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: †¢University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. †¢Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Muraskin, R. , Roberts. A. R. (2009). Visions for change: Crime and justice in the twenty-first century (5th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Robinson, M. B. (2009). Justice blind? Ideals and realities of American criminal justice (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Victor, J. L. Naughton, J. (2010). Annual editions: Criminal justice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Walker, S. , Katz, C. M. (2008). The police in America: An introduction (6th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw- Hill. Waller, B. N. (2009). You decide! Current debates in criminal justice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Criminal Justice System Assessment DetailsDuePoints Objectives1. 1Evaluate past, present, and future trends in the interface between components of the criminal justice system and criminal justice connections with surrounding society. 1. 2Assess the value of the criminal justice system in a changing society. 1. 3Examine contemporary issues currently facing the Criminal Justice System. 1. 4Identify recent and future trends and issues affecting the criminal justice system. ReadingsRead Ch. 1 of Visions for Change. Read Article 14 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Ch. 3 of Justice Blind? Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Discussion QuestionsRespond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday0. 5 0. 5 Individual AutobiographyIntroduce yourself to the class with a summary of your background. Submit the bio to the Ch at Room forum and comment on other student’s bios in an effort to get to know everyone better. Tuesday by 11:59 PM MST4. 0 Individual Criminal Justice Trends EvaluationWrite a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you evaluate past, present, and future trends in the interface between components of the criminal justice system and criminal justice connections with surrounding society. In your assessment, be sure to evaluate and identify and assess the following: †¢Recent and future trends and contemporary issues affecting the criminal justice system †¢Value of the criminal justice system in a changing society Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST12 Week Two: Past, Present, and Future Trends in Policing: Development and Operations DetailsDuePoints Objectives2. 1Evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the continuing development and operation of the field of policing. 2. 2Analyze the organizational management, administration, and operational aspects of policing. 2. 3Examine perspectives of the policing function from the local, state, and federal organizational levels. 2. 4Identify possible future changes in laws and the impact on the field of policing. ReadingsRead Ch. 2-4, 15 of The Police in America. Read Article 14 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Debate 1 2 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion Questions Respond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Policing Functions PaperWrite a 1,050-1,750-word paper in which you examine the various perspectives of the policing function from the local, state, and federal organizational levels. Be sure to identify and address possible future changes in laws and the overall impact these changes will have on the field of policing. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST11 Learning Team Team Charter Collaborate with all team members and come to consensus regarding the contents of your learning team charter. Submit the final Team Charter to one team member’s Assignments section. Wednesday by 11:59 PM MST1 Learning Team Policing Development and Operation Trends PaperWrite a 1,050-1,400-word paper in which you analyze the organizational management, administration, and operational aspects of policing within policing organizations. In your analysis, be sure to evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the continuing development and operation of the field of policing and how these evolutions impact various policing organizations (local, state, federal). Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST8 Week Three: Past, Present, and Future Trends of the Courts: Development and Operations DetailsDuePoints Objectives3. 1Identify the current and future issues facing courts and court administrators today. 3. 2Articulate court purposes and responsibilities and the importance of strategic planning and vision as foundations of successful court management. 3. 3Discuss future management issues and trends regarding language interpretation services. 3. 4Appraise the impact of court consolidation and restructuring on future court processes and responsibilities. . 5Assess the past, present, and future impact that victim rights laws have on court proceedings. ReadingsRead Ch. 12 of Visions for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century. Read Ch. 7 of Justice Blind? Read Article 13 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Debate 3, 8, 17 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussi on by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion Questions Respond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Court Issues AnalysisWrite a 1,050-1,400-word analysis in which you identify the current and future issues facing courts and court administrators today. In your analysis be sure to discuss the following areas: †¢Discuss future management issues and trends regarding language interpretation services. †¢Assess the past, present, and future impact that victim rights laws have on court proceedings. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST10 Learning Team Court Management Executive SummaryWrite a 350-700-word executive summary in which you articulate court purposes and responsibilities and the importance of strategic planning and vision as foundations of successful court management. Additionally, appraise the impact of court consolidation and restructuring on future court processes and responsibilities as part of court management efforts and responsibilities. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST7 Week Four: Past, Present, and Future Trends in Corrections: Institutional and Corrections Systems DetailsDuePoints Objectives4. 1Identify the current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators today. 4. 2Evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the development and operation of institutional and community based corrections. 4. 3Analyze the role/issue of various correctional models, approaches and systems as a developing trend. 4. 4Analyze Legislative and correctional philosophies associated with increasing correctional populations. 4. Hypothesize future correctional problems including potential solutions. ReadingsRead Ch. 16 of Visions for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century. Read Article 31 32 of Annual Editions: Criminal Justice. Read Debate 13 15 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantiv e responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion QuestionsRespond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Corrections Trend EvaluationWrite a 1,400-1,750-word paper in which you conduct research and evaluate past, present, and future trends pertaining to the development and operation of institutional and community based corrections. As part of your evaluation, identify and analyze current and future issues facing prisons and prison administrators today and the role/issue of alternate correction systems as a developing trend. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST12 Learning Team Futures of Corrections PaperWrite a 700-1,400-word paper in which you analyze future correctional philosophies associated with increasing correctional populations. In your analysis be sure to hypothesize future correctional problems that will need to be addressed by prison administrators. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST7 Week Five: Major Global Crimes and Criminal Issues in Criminal Justice DetailsDuePoints Objectives5. 1Identify major global crimes and criminal issues that have a global impact on justice systems and processes. 5. Compare and contrast international criminal justice systems. 5. 3Analyze the impact of cyber crime on worldwide justice systems. ReadingsRead Ch. 5, 15, 32 of Visions for Change: Crime and Justice in the Twenty-First Century. Read Debate 18 19 of You Decide! Current Debates in Criminal Justice. Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. ParticipationParticipate in class discussion by posting a minimum of two substantive responses on four separate days during the online week. All Week1 Individual Discussion QuestionsRespond to the two weekly discussion questions (DQ1 DQ2). DQ1-Thursday DQ2-Saturday 0. 5 0. 5 Individual Global Crimes AnalysisWrite a 1,050-1,400-word paper in which you identify the various major global crimes and criminal issues that have a global impact on national and international justice systems and processes. Be sure to compare and contrast the various international criminal justice systems and how these major global crimes and criminal issues addressed. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST11 Learning Team Article AnalysisWrite a 700-1,400-word paper in which you research a recent article focusing on cyber-crime. In your analysis, be sure to analyze the impact that cyber crime has on worldwide justice systems and the processes which combat global crime. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Monday by 11:59 PM MST7 Individual Discussion Questions Week One †¢What is the relationship between the criminal justice system and society? How do past, current, and future trends impact the development of community relations for criminal justice organizations? What recommendations would you make to improve the interface between society and the criminal justice system? Give an example of a contemporary issue currently facing the criminal justice system. How does this issue impact the criminal justice system? What would happen if this issue was magnified (or decreased)? What would the implications be for the various personnel in the criminal justice system? Explain. Week Two †¢What are the various developmental and operational trends impacting policing? How do past, current, and futur e trends impact the development and operations of policing organizations? What recommendations would you make to improve the overall development and operations of the policing field? What are the various organizational police functions (local, state, federal)? How do the various functional levels of policing differ from one another? What distinctions can be made about each? Is there a better solution to the way the current system(s) operate at each level? Explain. Week Three †¢Give an example of a current/future issue facing courts and court administrators today. How does this issue impact the overall operations of the court system within the criminal justice system? How can we solve this issue to improve the court system and improve overall court administration? Explain †¢What are the laws reflecting victim rights? How do the past, present, and future victim rights laws impact court proceedings? What would happen if victim rights laws did not exist? Explain. Week Four †¢What is the role of alternate corrections systems? How do alternate corrections systems impact the criminal justice system as a developing trend regarding management, administration, etc.? Is there a better solution to alternative corrections systems? Explain. †¢What are potential future problems for correctional systems? Which events have led to the development of these issues (past and present)? How can we solve and accurately plan to correct these future issues? Explain. Week Five †¢Give an example of major global crimes. How do these crimes and other criminal issues impact global criminal justice systems? How can we improve the overall effectiveness of strategies employed to combat these global crimes and criminal issues? Explain. †¢Give an example of an international justice system. How do the various international justice systems cooperate and coordinate in combating global crime? What would happen if the communication among these international justice systems broke down, or was non-existent? Explain. How to cite Just Another Paper, Essay examples

Culture on Second Language Acquisition †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Culture on Second Language Acquisition. Answer: Introduction: Different cultures act as barrier in learning a second language as it might cause cultural misunderstandings or confusions. The acclimatization to a new culture and translation while learning second language pose challenges to the learners. Culture acts as barriers for the secnd language learners as it give rise to cultural misunderstandings. Learners have their own cultural learning and communication strategies and when these are transferred in learning a second language, this gives rise to cultural misunderstandings, frustrations and embarrassment (Hidasi, 2008). Different cultures poses misinterpretation of the valued behaviours that affect their learning of second language. As a result, it affects their learning style, understanding, production of the language and interactions. This also gives rise to processing of mental and verbal programming affecting communication with low understanding of second language. For example, Japanese language work well in a Japanese context and tra nsferring that model of communication strategy to another language create cultural misunderstandings. Therefore, this diversity in culture in terms of different learning styles affects the second language learning abilities (Drnyei, 2014). The lack of vocabulary is another barrier in learning a second language. It has an influence on the second language learners in terms of reading, comprehension, listening and conversation in the second language. Learners face difficulty in expressing their feelings, ideas during composition and while conversing in second language. Vocabulary challenges their memory and makes them prone to grammatical errors and sentence construction in the second language. The lack of vocabulary pose problems during interactions and this is the main reason that hinders learners to learn second language. As there is inadequate vocabulary acquisition and knowledge, learners find difficulty in learning the grammar rules in the second language (Larsen-Freeman Long, 2014). Inadequate vocabulary also affects the speaking skill of the second language and attains proficiency over the second language. Due to lack of vocabulary, second language learners are unable to access words in that language that affects their circumvention ability to define the target language (Alqahtani, 2015). Teaching method also pose difficulty to second language learners. For the language learning, teachers play the most important role. They design teaching plans based on different learning styles for teaching the course plan or lesions. When acquiring a second language, the teaching methods affect the learners progress in learning second language. The learning process is different in every child and has different way of acquiring information. This results in great disparity in understanding the teaching style of instructors and expectations of the learners of how the class will be conducting. This might result in learning anxiety among the learners as they face difficulties in understanding the teaching instructions in second language (Ishihara Cohen, 2014). Low context learning prefers to communicate through words and as a result, low context of teaching poses challenges for the second language learners as when they lack vocabulary and word meaning. On the other hand, high context vo cabulary communicates in a way when certain things are left unsaid. In this case, empathy is required to have social interactions and due to lack of good command over second language, learners are unable to communicate. Lack of pronunciation also poses difficulty in learning the second language. It has a negative effect on the learning skills of the learners that affect their way of communication in second language. It greatly impairs their communication skills and it depicts their inability to learn the second language with fluency. When the second language learners face difficulty in pronunciation, it results in their inability to learn words of the new language. Alphabetical system of pronunciation is important in learning the pronunciation of new words and its inadequacy results in a barrier in learning a second language (Gass, 2013). For example, inability to understand the alphabetical system in Chinese language would pose a challenge to the second language learners in understanding and framing of the words and sentences construction (Grant Brinton, 2016). Personality attitude is an essential factor that influences the learning and performance in second language. Attitude is actually the measure of feeling that learners have regarding the second language. Concisely, to learn a second language one need to have the right personality attitude that would explain their linguistic behaviour as language is a construct. Different learners have different personality attitude that affect their attitude towards learning second language. They have different feelings, needs, behaviour that recognizes their adaptability and encouragement towards learning the second language (Oroujlou Vahedi, 2011). In such cases, motivation is important for the second language learners. For this, creation of cultural dialogue is important along with engaging with other students through special interests and occasions. Scaffolding techniques can be employed like verbal, procedural and instructional scaffolding where learning process can be tailored according to the needs of the second language learners. The learners need to be driven towards learning second language and stimulate them towards need for success and achievement in learning it. References Alqahtani, M. (2015). The importance of vocabulary in language learning and how to be taught.International Journal of Teaching and Education,3(3), 21-34. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/42873283/12-2-213.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3AExpires=1503745757Signature=Qiqikz0tMdmBRGHpsmnh7Ic8%2FEY%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DTHE_IMPORTANCE_OF_VOCABULARY_IN_LANGUAGE.pdf Drnyei, Z. (2014).The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Routledge. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=4r6PAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=D%C3%B6rnyei,+Z.+(2014).+The+psychology+of+the+language+learner:+Individual+differences+in+second+language+acquisition.+Routledge.ots=CVNKk7zqGYsig=Wxz02t2Y_8vjin0WoDp5wxYEmkc#v=onepageq=D%C3%B6rnyei%2C%20Z.%20(2014).%20The%20psychology%20of%20the%20language%20learner%3A%20Individual%20differences%20in%20second%20language%20acquisition.%20Routledge.f=false Gass, S. M. (2013).Second language acquisition: An introductory course. Routledge. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=6U-BAAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Gass,+S.+M.+(2013).+Second+language+acquisition:+An+introductory+course.+Routledge.ots=ty3mgKHFGFsig=h5OrRAwWtcUSCYaNDLQdme8gbKk#v=onepageqf=false Grant, L., Brinton, D. M. (2016).Pronunciation myths: Applying second language research to classroom teaching. University of Michigan Press. https://www.tesl-ej.org/pdf/ej79/r2.pdf Hidasi, J. (2008). The impact of culture on second language acquisition. https://www.childresearch.net/RESOURCE/RESEARCH/2006/exfile/HIDASI.pdf Ishihara, N., Cohen, A. D. (2014).Teaching and learning pragmatics: Where language and culture meet. Routledge. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=s98JBAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=+teaching+method+and+learning+a+second+languageots=t8biqGnhC7sig=Rq7xqgepVR0cLq7qC4y-G9VRTak#v=onepageq=teaching%20method%20and%20learning%20a%20second%20languagef=false Larsen-Freeman, D., Long, M. H. (2014).An introduction to second language acquisition research. Routledge. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=4jKgBAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=how+lack+of+vocabulary+is+a+difficulty+for+learning+a+second+languageots=kIJIgyZ29rsig=at5nolKm49ZrDKEP0Rtw96uEGqI#v=onepageqf=false Oroujlou, N., Vahedi, M. (2011). Motivation, attitude, and language learning.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,29, 994-1000. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271638356_Motivation_attitude_and_language_learning